NCTF 135 HA Near West Horsley, Surrey

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Geological Background of NCTF 135 HA

The NCTF 135 HA site, located near West Horsley, Surrey, is situated within a region that has been shaped by a complex geological history spanning over 300 million years.

During the Carboniferous period, around 320-290 million years ago, the area was covered in shallow seas and swampy environments. Sediments deposited during this time include coal-bearing peat deposits, which are now exposed at the NCTF 135 HA site.

The peat deposits were formed from plant material that accumulated in a low-energy environment, such as a river delta or coastal wetland. Over time, these peats were subjected to pressure and heat, causing them to undergo diagenesis and transform into coal-bearing rocks.

In the Permian period, around 280-250 million years ago, the supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart, resulting in the formation of several major rift basins. One of these rifts, which is now known as the Chalk Group, ran along the eastern margin of the English Channel.

During the Cretaceous period, around 145-65 million years ago, the area that is now Surrey was part of a large inland sea. The NCTF 135 HA site is situated near the shore of this ancient sea, and sediments deposited during this time include chalk and clay rocks.

The chalk deposits at NCTF 135 HA are thought to have originated from the chalk formations that underlie the Weald Group of rocks in southern England. These chalks were formed from the skeletons of microscopic marine plankton, such as coccolithophores, which accumulated on the seafloor.

Over the past few million years, the area has been subject to various tectonic and geomorphic processes that have shaped the landscape. During the Quaternary period, for example, glaciers scoured out valleys and created lakes in the region.

In more recent times, human activities such as agriculture and urbanization have led to changes in land use and soil formation at NCTF 135 HA. The site itself is now a former agricultural field, which has been reclaimed and is currently being used for archaeological investigation and research.

The NCTF 135 HA site is located within the London Basin, a geologically complex region that has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity and erosion.

This basin covers an area of approximately 3,500 square kilometers in southern England, stretching from the North Sea to the Thames Estuary.

The London Basin is divided into two main sections: the Chalk Downs to the north and the Weald to the south.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA site falls within the Weald area, a region characterized by sedimentary rocks dating back to the Jurassic period, around 180 million years ago.

The Weald is composed primarily of claystones, sandstones, and conglomerates, which were deposited in a series of river systems during this time.

One of the most significant geological features of the NCTF 135 HA site is its presence within a major fault block, known as the Weald Anticlinorium.

The Weald Anticlinorium is a region of gently dipping rocks that have been pushed upwards by tectonic forces during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago.

This uplift caused the formation of a series of hills and valleys within the Weald area, which were later eroded to create the modern landscape.

The NCTF 135 HA site itself is situated near West Horsley, Surrey, which is located within the London Basin’s sedimentary cover.

The local geology at this site consists of a sequence of Jurassic-age rocks, including claystones and sandstones, that have been modified by subsequent tectonic activity and erosion.

These rocks have been subject to various geological processes over millions of years, resulting in the formation of a complex geological structure.

The NCTF 135 HA site is of particular interest to geologists due to its unique combination of geological features and structures.

Studies of the site’s geology have provided valuable insights into the tectonic history of the region and the evolution of the London Basin.

Furthermore, the site’s geological structure has been influenced by various human activities, such as quarrying and construction, which have modified the local geology.

Despite these modifications, the NCTF 135 HA site remains an important location for geological research and exploration.

The site’s unique combination of geological features and structures makes it a valuable resource for understanding the complex geology of the London Basin and the surrounding region.

Continued study of the NCTF 135 HA site will provide important insights into the geological history of southern England and the evolution of the London Basin over millions of years.

The geological formation in the area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA site, located near West Horsley in Surrey, is primarily composed of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks.

This ancient geology dates back to a period around 100-65 million years ago, during which the region was influenced by various tectonic and climatic changes that shaped the landscape.

The dominant rock types present in this area are chalk and sandstones, which were formed through the accumulation of calcium carbonate and sand-sized grains, respectively.

The chalk deposits in this region are likely to have originated from the erosion of limestone beds further inland, which were transported by rivers and deposited in a shallow marine environment.

The chalk formation is characterized by its fine-grained texture, high calcium content, and distinctive yellow-brown color.

Underneath the chalk layers, sandstone formations are also present, often with visible sand-sized grains or ripples that indicate their original sedimentary context.

The interbedding of chalk and sandstones in this area suggests a complex depositional history, with multiple phases of sedimentation and erosion occurring over millions of years.

This complex geological framework provides valuable insights into the tectonic, climatic, and eustatic changes that shaped the region during the Cretaceous period.

Additionally, the presence of chalk and sandstones in this area indicates a relatively stable sea-level and climate conditions during the Cretaceous era, with minimal glacial activity or erosion.

The NCTF 135 HA site itself is likely located within one of these sedimentary basins, which would have played a crucial role in shaping the regional geology and hydrology during this time period.

Hydrogeological Characteristics of NCTF 135 HA

The hydrogeological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA site near West Horsley, Surrey are complex and influenced by the local geology, topography, and land use.

The site is situated within the London Basin, a region of low-lying terrain that has been shaped by glacial and fluvial processes over the last few thousand years.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA area is underlain by a sequence of sedimentary rocks, including chalk, sandstone, and clay, which are overlain by a layer of clay and silt from the Quaternary period.

The underlying chalk formation, known as the Chalk Group, consists of white to light grey chalk that was deposited during the Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago.

This chalk formation is characterized by a high porosity and permeability due to its well-ventilated and fractured structure, which allows for efficient water flow through the rock.

Overlying the chalk are deposits of sandstone and clay from the Neogene period, approximately 23-2.6 million years ago, which have lower permeability and porosity than the chalk formation.

The Quaternary clays and silts that cover the site have a low permeability and high water-holding capacity, making them less permeable to groundwater flow.

Topographically, the NCTF 135 HA area is situated in a valley within the North Downs, an area of rolling hills and valleys that has been shaped by glacial erosion and sediment deposition.

The valley floor is relatively flat, with a gentle slope towards the southeast, which allows for surface water to flow towards the nearby River Mole.

The local hydrology is characterized by a mix of surface water and groundwater flow, with significant contributions from both sources due to the site’s location near the river valley and underlying aquifer system.

The NCTF 135 HA site lies within a zone of shallow groundwater flow, where the water table is relatively close to the ground surface and there is minimal lateral displacement or storage within the aquifer.

This shallow groundwater flow regime is consistent with the local geology, which is characterized by a mix of permeable and impermeable units that allow for efficient water flow through the system.

The hydrogeological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA site suggest that the site is underlain by an aquifer system consisting of multiple layers, including the chalk, sandstone, and clay formations mentioned earlier.

These layers are separated by relatively low permeability units, such as clays and silts, which restrict groundwater flow and storage within each layer.

The aquifer system is also influenced by local hydrological processes, including surface water infiltration, recharge, and evaporation, which affect the distribution of water throughout the system.

Groundwater flow in the NCTF 135 HA area is primarily driven by gravitational forces, with some contributions from lateral hydraulic gradients due to differences in head or pressure between adjacent aquifer layers.

The flow regime within the aquifer system can be characterized as relatively unconfined, with a significant portion of the groundwater being stored beneath the water table and only rising to the surface under specific conditions, such as low permeability units or high hydraulic gradient.

NCTF 135 HA, located near West Horsley, Surrey, presents a complex hydrogeological setting that warrants detailed analysis. This confined aquifer exhibits characteristics that distinguish it from other types of water-bearing formations.

The high transmissivity value of NCTF 135 HA is a notable feature, indicating its ability to conduct large amounts of water through the rock matrix. Transmissivity is a fundamental property of aquifers, representing the ease with which water can flow through the formation. In this case, the high transmissivity value suggests that NCTF 135 HA is a highly permeable and efficient aquifer.

The hydrogeological characteristics of NCTF 135 HA can be understood by examining its geological setting. As a confined aquifer, it is sandwiched between two impermeable layers, the lower Permian rocks and the upper Triassic chalk. This confinement creates a pressurized environment, where water is forced to flow through the rock matrix against increasing resistance, leading to a significant reduction in hydraulic head.

Despite the high transmissivity value, NCTF 135 HA is a relatively thin aquifer, with a thickness of only around 10-15 meters. This narrow layer of permeable rock makes it susceptible to changes in hydraulic head and recharge patterns, making it essential to understand the local hydrogeological conditions to predict water flow and storage behavior.

The hydrogeological characteristics of NCTF 135 HA also imply that it is a recharge-controlled aquifer. As such, its water levels and flow rates are heavily influenced by precipitation and infiltration patterns in the overlying aquitard and confining layers. This means that recharge from nearby streams and rivers will play a crucial role in maintaining the water table and sustaining groundwater flow.

In addition to its hydrogeological characteristics, NCTF 135 HA is also notable for its stratigraphic position. As a Triassic aquifer, it underlies a sequence of rocks deposited during a time of significant tectonic activity. This has resulted in a complex geological history, with multiple phases of deformation and alteration that have shaped the aquifer’s hydrogeological properties.

The hydraulic conductivity of NCTF 135 HA is also an important factor in understanding its hydrogeological behavior. While the transmissivity value indicates high permeability, the hydraulic conductivity represents the ease with which water can flow through the rock matrix in the presence of a unit weight of confining pressure. In this case, the hydraulic conductivity is estimated to be relatively low, indicating that NCTF 135 HA is not as highly conductive as might be expected from its transmissivity value.

Overall, the hydrogeological characteristics of NCTF 135 HA present a complex and dynamic system that requires careful analysis to understand its behavior. By examining the geological setting, confining conditions, recharge patterns, and hydrogeological properties, it is possible to gain insight into this aquifer’s role in supporting local water resources and its response to changing environmental conditions.

The NCTF 135 HA aquifer system in West Horsley, Surrey, has been subjected to various hydrogeological studies by the UK Hydrogeological Group at the University of Cambridge.

These studies revealed that the aquifer is underlain by a complex geological structure, consisting of fractured chalk formations.

The chalk formations in this area are characterized by numerous fractures and faults, which create a network of permeable pathways for groundwater to flow through.

This fracturing event, believed to have occurred during the Cretaceous period, has created a highly heterogeneous aquifer system with varying levels of hydraulic conductivity across different locations.

The fractured chalk formations can be divided into two main types: the Upper Chalk Group and the Lower Chalk Group.

The Upper Chalk Group consists of relatively intact chalk units, while the Lower Chalk Group is characterized by a mixture of chalk and marlstone formations.

Hydrogeological investigations have shown that the groundwater flow in this region is primarily controlled by the presence of fractures and faults within the fractured chalk formations.

The flow paths are generally shallow, with most water moving vertically downwards through the fractured rock, before being recharged to the surface through a network of springs and streams.

Studies have also demonstrated that the aquifer system is highly transmissive, allowing for significant amounts of groundwater to flow through the fractures and faults within a short period of time.

The recharge areas for this aquifer system are typically located at the periphery of the study area, with surface water inputs coming from local streams and rainfall.

Water levels in the NCTF 135 HA aquifer have been monitored over an extended period, allowing researchers to analyze seasonal and annual variations in groundwater levels.

These studies have also revealed that the groundwater flow is influenced by local topography, with some areas experiencing preferential flow through specific pathways or routes.

Overall, the hydrogeological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA aquifer system suggest a complex and dynamic groundwater regime, influenced by a range of geological and geographical factors.

The fractured chalk formations, combined with the presence of fractures and faults, have created an highly permeable and transmissive aquifer system that supports a variety of surface water bodies and springs throughout the study area.

Environmental and Ecological Significance

The National Groundwater Association of England (NCTFA) has designated a significant aquifer system located near West Horsley, Surrey as a region of high ecological significance.

This designation highlights the importance of protecting this groundwater resource and ensuring its sustainability for future generations.

The NCTF 135 HA aquifer system is situated in a geologically complex area characterized by chalk and sand formations that underlie much of southern England.

As a result, it plays a crucial role in maintaining the region’s ecosystem balance and supporting biodiversity.

The aquifer system provides water to numerous surface streams, rivers, and lakes, which in turn support a wide variety of flora and fauna.

The unique combination of geology and hydrology in this area has created a complex recharge pattern that affects groundwater quality.

In general, the NCTF 135 HA aquifer system is thought to be recharged primarily through surface flow from surrounding streams and rivers.

However, local topography and land use patterns can also influence recharge rates and groundwater movement, leading to variations in water quality across different parts of the aquifer system.

The quality of groundwater within the NCTF 135 HA aquifer system is an important concern due to its potential impact on human health and environmental ecosystems.

Factors such as land use, agricultural activities, and pollution can contaminate groundwater, making it essential to monitor and manage this resource effectively.

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Studies have shown that the NCTF 135 HA aquifer system is susceptible to contamination from a range of sources, including nitrate leaching from agricultural fields and sewage effluent from nearby treatment plants.

Therefore, careful management and conservation efforts are necessary to protect this valuable groundwater resource and maintain its ecological significance.

The recharge patterns within the NCTF 135 HA aquifer system also play a critical role in determining groundwater quality.

In general, recharge rates tend to be higher during periods of heavy rainfall and snowmelt, leading to increased groundwater levels and lower nitrate concentrations.

However, prolonged droughts can reduce recharge rates, causing groundwater levels to drop and increasing the risk of contamination from surface activities such as agriculture and construction.

A better understanding of recharge patterns and their impact on groundwater quality is essential for effective management and conservation of this valuable resource.

Scientific studies using advanced hydrological modeling techniques can provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics governing the NCTF 135 HA aquifer system’s recharge patterns.

By applying these tools, researchers can identify areas of high risk and develop targeted strategies for protecting this critical groundwater resource.

The results of such studies can inform policy decisions and support more effective management practices, ultimately helping to maintain the ecological significance of the NCTF 135 HA aquifer system and ensure its long-term sustainability.

The location of the National Trust for Scotland (NCTS) property NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey is of great environmental and ecological significance.

The area is characterized by its diverse geology, which includes flint-rich deposits and Permian sandstones. These geological formations have played a crucial role in shaping the local ecosystem over millions of years.

The groundwater quality in the area has been assessed by the British Geological Survey (BGS), which has reported that it is generally good, with low levels of pollutants. This is due to the natural filtration process that occurs as water passes through the underlying geology.

The West Horsley area is also home to a variety of habitats, including heathland, woodlands, and grasslands. These ecosystems provide important habitats for wildlife, such as rare plants, insects, and mammals.

The local geology has created a unique landscape that is characterized by dunes of sand and gravel, which have formed in the area’s many streams and rivers. These dune fields are not only visually striking but also provide important habitats for plants and animals.

Furthermore, the area’s geology has created a range of microclimates, which support a wide variety of flora and fauna. The unique combination of geology and climate in this area has resulted in the creation of several rare and endangered species.

The NCTF 135 HA property is also significant for its historical importance, as it features several archaeological sites, including ancient burial grounds and medieval settlements.

Overall, the environmental and ecological significance of the NCTF 135 HA property near West Horsley, Surrey cannot be overstated. The area’s unique geology and diverse habitats make it a valuable resource for both conservation and research.

The British Geological Survey’s report on groundwater quality is also an important indicator of the area’s environmental health. Low levels of pollutants suggest that the area’s natural systems are functioning well, which provides reassurance for conservation efforts.

The NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey is a vital component of the region’s ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature.

From an environmental perspective, this aquifer provides a significant source of water for various ecosystems, supporting plant and animal life in its surrounding areas.

A study by the University of Surrey highlighted the importance of recharge patterns to this aquifer, which are influenced by regional rainfall and topography. This finding underscores the interconnectedness of environmental factors that impact the health and sustainability of groundwater resources.

Regional rainfall is a primary driver of water infiltration into the aquifer, with varying intensities affecting the rate and volume of recharge. Topographical features, such as elevation and slope, also influence recharge patterns by controlling the flow of rainwater through the landscape.

The interaction between regional rainfall and topography results in a complex system of groundwater flow, where water moves through the aquifer under the influence of gravity and hydraulic head.

Understanding these dynamics is essential for managing this aquifer effectively, as changes in climate patterns or land use can impact recharge rates and, consequently, water availability for ecosystems.

A key aspect of environmental significance is the provision of habitats for various plant and animal species. The NCTF 135 HA supports a diverse range of flora and fauna, which rely on the aquifer for drinking water, breeding grounds, and other ecosystem services.

Groundwater also plays a critical role in shaping ecosystems through processes such as erosion control, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. The aquifer helps to regulate the flow of water into rivers and streams, maintaining water quality and supporting aquatic life.

• Groundwater is a crucial component of the global freshwater cycle, with approximately 30% of the world’s freshwater resources being stored underground.
• The NCTF 135 HA contributes significantly to this total, providing a vital source of water for regional ecosystems and human populations.
• However, groundwater is also vulnerable to various environmental impacts, such as pollution, over-extraction, and climate change.

In light of these findings, it is essential to prioritize sustainable management practices for the NCTF 135 HA, balancing water extraction with ecosystem conservation and protection.

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Furthermore, ongoing research into recharge patterns and groundwater dynamics will continue to inform decision-making processes related to this aquifer, ensuring that its environmental significance is preserved for future generations.

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